Axis Age/ Golden Age in Greece

It is November 1st, 430 BC, and I will now conduct an interview with Pericles, a prominent figure hailing from Athens, Greece.

Q: Hello, and thank you for your time.  Would you like to tell us a bit about yourself to begin the questionaire?

A: I would be delighted.  My name is  Pericles, I was born in 495 BC; and Athens has been under my control since around 461 BC.  I am a statesman as well as an Athenian general, and have had many great accomplishments in my time so far.  I am also a firm enforcer of direct democracy among the people, as I believe it is the form of government that will bring us the most success.  I am well known for my brilliant military strategies in the recent Persian War, as well as the Parthenon, a temple I recently ordered the building of in order to honor our victory over Persia.  Many people also consider the period of my rule to be the period of Golden Age of Greece.  I will go into more details on this later in the interview.

Q: When did the Golden Age of Greece begin?

A: I believe this "Golden Age" you speak of began when we (the Greeks) triumphed over Persia in the final Persian Wars around 448 BC.  At this time, life began to settle down, and since our people were no longer constantly worrying about battle, the arts and culture began to prosper.




Q: Why was this time considered the Golden Age?

A: This wonderful time in our Grecian history was considered the Golden Age because when men began to have extra time on their hands, great advances were mad in art, science, literature, architecture, technology, and philosophy. Large advancements were also made in currency, and the creation of a Treasury.  Many temples and other extravagant buildings were rebuilt after being destroyed in wars of the past.  The arts of ceramics and sculpting also began to emerge during this time.  Play writing and theater also grew, as well as philosophy and mathematics with people such as Plato and Socrates.

Q: What brought about the end of the Golden Age?

A: The Golden Age is said to have come to an end very, very recently, as a war has broken out between my state of Athens and Sparta, a growing superpower.  The Spartans are very opposed to the Delian Leagues being supremely ruled by Athenians, and are willing to fight for power.  Once this war, now known as the Peloponnesian War, began, our prime Golden Age of Greece began to decline.

Q: On a side note, who did the Greeks contribute to the Axis Age and how?

A: The axis age, a period of advancement in science and philosophy around the world, began many years ago, and we have contributed many great beings to this era over time.  Our contributions began with the great Athenian philosopher by the name of Socrates, who then trained Plato, who went on to teach Aristotle, one of the greatest philosophers of all time.

 Thank you so much for your time and knowledge Pericles!

Alexander the Great

It is February 3rd, 325 BC, and I am delighted to have Alexander the Great here with me to conduct an interview about himself!

Q: How did you come into power over Greece?

A: I came into power when my father, Philip II, the current king of Macedonia, was assasinated.   A young Persian murdered my dear father, after he was supposedly offended by Philip's father-in-law, Attalus.  I obviously was the heir to the throne, and began my reign over Greece in 336 BC.



Q: Were there any noteworthy events in your young life?

A: In my years before becoming King of Greece, when my father was still an important figure in my life, I was tutored by the great philosopher Aristotle.  He taught me science, math, and also some of his philosophical beliefs.  These tutoring sessions contributed to my military intelligence later on in my reign.  My father also gave me a few small military opportunities in my teen years.



Q: Explain your military conquests in places such as Persia.

A: Of course!  When I first came into power, I was very nervous that another assassination or rebellion might ensue, and I quickly executed any rebels or opposing parties that came across my path.  One of my first, and probably most memorable conquests was that of Persia.  In 334 BC, I took thousands of my Macedonian soldiers to fight the great Persians, under the rule of King Darius III.  We easily crushed their army, losing just over 100 men only.  A few years later a few other battles ensued, and eventually brought about the end of the Persian empire.



Q: What happened when you entered Egypt?

A: In 331 BC, my armies and I traveled into Egypt, and were welcomed very warmly.  A city, now known as Alexandria, was created in my honor, and I was crowned Pharaoh of Egypt.



Q: How has Hellenism played a role in your career?

A: As I have ruled Greece over the years, the world has become more and more Hellenistic.  Hellenism is the spreading of Greek culture and religious beliefs throughout the world.  I also recently built many new Hellenistic European cities.

Thank you for your time!

Julius Caesar/ Fall of the Roman Republic

Today I will conduct an interview with Julius Caesar dealing with the Fall of the Roman Republic.  The date is 45 BC.


Q: It is a pleasure to meet you.  Explain your rise to power and early years.

A: Surely.  I am Gaius Julius Caesar, and I was born in 100 BC and lived all of my early years in Rome.  In my late teens, my father died, and I was suddenly in charge of my family.  I quickly became interested in politics and military, and gained popularity after the current dictator, Sulla, died.  I joined the army, and from then on, my political and military career just grew greater and greater.



Q: What happened at Gaul?  What other important military events have occurred in your recent career?

A: I consider myself a commander of great strength, and amazing military skill.  I have no fears.  In 58 BC, I led my army to Gaul to take control of even more people and land.  My army was led by my trusted general, Mark Antony.  With brilliant military tactics and help from the Roman cavalry, we defeated the Gauls and my power became more apparent.  At this time, a man named Pompey also shared political power in Rome, and he began to become very jealous.  He tried to get me to disband my army, but that made me even angrier.  In 49 BC, I famously led my armies across the Rubicon River into Italy and defeated Pompey.  This left me as the sole ruler of Rome, and soon established myself as the dictator.



Q: Relating to the last question, how was the Roman Republic different from an Empire?

A: The Roman Republic was much more of a democratic form of government than anything else, with the highest officials being the two consuls (formerly Pompey and myself).  A republic also can call for a dictator if necessary.  In an Empire, there is a clear king, and power is taken through heredity.



Q: What were the rising problems with the Roman Republic?

A: This Republic has had many, many issues in the recent years.  These problems began when Rome fought Carthage in the Punic Wars, and have continued for many years.  We are constantly engaged in civil war, fighting over whether power should be given to the senate or elected leaders.  Many slave uprisings have also occurred recently.



Q:  Explain your accomplishments in your late years of rule.

A: Once  I took over, I created many reforms to try to repair the Roman Republic, but few were successful.  I also invented the Julian Calender, appointed Cleopatra as ruler of Egypt, and wrote many wonderful books.



Thank you so much Julius!




Caesar was killed in 44 BC, and this led to even more turmoil in Rome.  Mark Antony, his general and Octavian, his grandnephew, tried to find the killers, but soon ended up in a war themselves.  In 31 BC, Octavian defeated Mark Antony along with his partner in crime, Cleopatra.  Octavian then became the leader of Rome, and this event mainly led to the Fall of the Roman Republic.  Octavian was later renamed Augustus, and acted as close to a King as he could.  This brought about the beginning of the Roman Empire, and Augustus was the first King.

Constantine the Great

I am extremely honored to be here with Constantine the Great for an exclusive interview.  The date is 330 AD.


Q: It is wonderful to have you with us today.  Let's begin the interview by discussing your childhood in brief.

A: Of course.  I was born under the name of Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus in 274 AD in Naissus.  At the time of my birth, the east and west were divided under the Roman emperor, Diocletian.  My father, Constantinus, ruled over Western Europe under Diocletian, and I frequently assisted him.  When he died in 306, I was named the heir, and this became the beginning of my Roman reign.



Q: What important actions did you take once you came into power?

A: I myself take great pride in the beliefs of Christianity, and once I came into power I strove to convert all of Europe to Christianity.  At this time, the power of the Roman Empire was divided among four emperors, myself being one of them.  In 312 I fought a fierce battle with Maxentius, one of the other co-emperors.  This battle, known as the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, ended in my favor, and after this victory, this system of power division began to decline.  I became the sole role ruler of Rome, and this victory also inspired my great conversion of Europe to Christianity.  I hoped to united Europe under religion in times of war.  I am also the first Christian Roman Emperor in history. Also during my reign, I issued the Edict of Milan, which we will discuss later.



Q: What city did you establish based on your own name? Explain.

A: During the early years of my reign, the Byzantine Empire was on the rise.  I moved the capital of Byzantium to Constantinople, and this city became a wonderful, worldly-known city very soon.  Constantinople is now one of the most prosperous, wealthy cities in the world, with beautiful architecture, religion, and a steady economy.



Q:  What is the Edict of Milan?

A: The Edict of Milan is a letter created by myself and Emperor Licinius of Eastern Rome in 313 AD.  This document grants all people of Europe freedom of religion, and therefore the right to practice any religion of their choosing at no persecution.



Thank you so much for your time Constantine!

 

Rome sacked/falls to Barbarians

I am here this afternoon for a first person account of the Sack of Rome with Alaric.  It is 410 AD.


Q: Hello, my name is Julia Wilkins.  Would you please start by telling us a little bit about your early years?

Certainly.  My name is Alaric and I was born in 370 AD on an island near the Danube River into the Gothic culture.  My parents were fairly well off, and I was destined for a bright career.  At this time, Theodosius was the Emperor of Rome, and in 394 AD I worked as a general in the tribal German troops, known as the foederati.  This was the beginning of my military career.



Q: Who are the Visigoths?

A: The Visigoths are members of a branch of Goths in Rome who have been involved with many wars and conquests in their attempt to conquer Rome.  Around 378, we fought in a series of wars known as the Gothic Wars against the Roman Empire.  We Visigoths are also considered Barbarians.  After serving in the foederati and following the death of Theodosius, I became King of the Visigoths in 394 AD.



Q: What was the reasoning behind the Siege of Rome in 410 AD?

A: Prior to our fantastical attack, the Huns, led by the powerful general Attitla, had been causing us trouble for many years.  They were constantly trying to create trouble, and in the years prior to 410, had began to surround us.  Our only escape and next option of conquest would be to turn into the Roman Empire, and that is what we did.  We first entered Italy, and waited outside the gates of Rome, demanding money from Honorius, who was inside.  After refusing to pay for practically two years, we finally managed to get in.  On August 24, 410 AD, my Barbarian Visigoth troops besieged the city of Rome and looted it for all it had.



Q: How did this impact the Roman Empire?

A: After looting Rome as well as raping and murdering many of its innocent residents, we had control of the Roman Empire.  This brought about the fall of the Western Roman Empire.  Our victory was the first time that the Empire of Rome has lost to an enemy ever, besides the attempt made by the Gauls.  This showed that the Roman Empire was on a decline, and the army was quickly weakening.  The Romans underestimated our outside forces at this time, and the consequences were shocking to them.  They were stunned that someone could beat them, and I am amazingly proud to have been the leader of our amazing Visigoths at this time.


Thank you so much Alaric!

William the Conqueror

I am very happy to have William the Conqueror here with me for a valuable  interview about his life accomplishments. The date is is 1086 AD.

Q: Why was your birth so controversial?  Also share any details about your early life as Duke of Normandy.

A: I was born in 1027 to my my father Robert and my mother Hervela.  My blood parents were never married, and my mother was married to someone else, and therefore I was considered an illegitimate child.  My father Robert was the duke of Normandy at the time.  In 1035, my father died, and although I was illegitimate and  only seven years old, I was the only living son and therefore was the heir to the throne.  At seven years old, I was the Duke of Normandy, and already was hated by many people.  Many nobles and barons did not believe I should have become Duke, and many murder plots were made because of my illegitimacy.



Q: What controversy was surrounding the English throne at this time?

A: Around 1050, Edward the Confessor, the King of England, died, and there was no clear heir to the throne.  In 1066, four people, including myself, wanted the throne.  These men were Harold, Harald, Edgar, and myself.  In October of 1066, the feud was narrowed between myself and Harold.  I triumphed in the fierce Battle of Hastings.  This is how I came to be called William the Conqueror.



Q: Explain your Domesday Book?

A: Certainly.  After becoming King of England after many years of fighting, I knew that changes must be made in order to be a very good leader.  In 1085, I sent thousands of landholding nobles and barons to take a very detailed census of all of England.  They collected information on everything about every piece of land, its owners, its value, its history, and even household objects for this census.  This information was then brought back to me and just a few weeks ago was written up in book form.  The reason behind this massive survey is to determine taxes and how landholding has changed since the rule of Edward the Confessor.



Q: How did you play a role in the creation of the idea of an Executive Branch?

A: I play a role in the idea of this "Executive Branch" that you speak of because many of  my customs relating to how a 'president' in your country might act.  I have many methods of controlling land that are similar to how a president manages courts and other policies.  I gained a lot of new land from granting fiefs to Norman lords and Churches, but I keep much of my land for myself.  I also closely monitor the castles, and I have recently forced all vassels to swear allegiance today.  These facts, as well as my system of high rule with lower rulers (like a president with senators and representatives).


Thank you so much William!  It has been an honor talking to you!

Battle of Tours

Today, October 16th, 735,  I will be interviewing Charles Martel, a great Frankish ruler, about the Battle of  Tours as well as a few other topics.

Q: Tell us a little bit about yourself please!

A: Sure!  I am Charles Martel, and I have been a wonderful leader of the Franks for many years.  I was born in what is mow modern-day Belgium, and have been involved in battles for most of my life.  I am known for my military genius and strategy, and led the Franks to a monumental victory over the Muslim in the Battle of Tours, where I earned the nickname Charles 'The Hammer" Martel.



Q: Before we get into to much depth about the Battle of Tours, could you explain who the Franks are?

A: Yes, the Franks are a Germanic tribe of Christians that have controlled much of Europe in the past few years and are always looking for new lands to conquer.  The Frankish people first settled along the Rhine River, and since then have migrated throughout Europe.  Many Franks today also live in the European region of Gaul.



Q: What was the Battle of Tours?

A: This epic battle just a few years ago was considered to be one of the most history-changing battles of all time.  Prior to this battle, the Umayyad Caliphate of Muslims had been rapidly moving moving through Western Europe, trying to convert as many places as possible to Islam instead of Christianity.  These Muslims had also recently invaded our territory of Gaul.  I foresaw a final attack on our territory, and had begun to train a large army of citizens to fight.  When the Muslims, led by Abd-er Rahman, finally arrived, we were ready.  The Muslims were not prepared for such a good army on our side and were very intimidated.  After more than a seven day battle, we triumphed over the Muslims, and our mission was accomplished!  This is why I am called Charles 'The Hammer" Martel today.



Q: Why was this battle so important?

A: This Battle was very important because the Frankish triumph stopped the Muslim invasion of Western Europe.  Without this, Europe would have been overtaken completely by Muslim rule, and the balance of Islam and Christianity throughout Europe would be completely different than it is today.




Thank you so much for your time Charles!  It is appreciated!

Magna Carta

I will now conduct a detailed interview with King John of England about the creation of the Magna Carta.

Q: Hello and nice to meet you!  Would you mind telling a bit about yourself to begin the interview?

A: Not at all young fellow.  My name is King John, and I am the first and only King of England to have my name because, well, I honestly haven't been very successful.  I am a son of Henry II, and ascended to the throne in April of 1199.  During my reign so far, despite my best efforts, I have lost land in France, lost the power struggle with the pope, and lost against the nobles.  Although I have encountered many struggles, many people think I may have established the idea of a legislative branch of government.



Q: How did the Magna Carta come about?

A: In 1215, many barons become very unhappy with my rule, my extremely high taxes, and my supposed 'violation of rights'.  These barons then rebelled against me and I was forced into signing this document we now call the Magna Carta.



Q: What is the Magna Carta?

A: In simple terms, the Magna Carta is an English charter of political rights and liberty of the kings and barons.  This document states the many rights of the Barons as well as the limitations of the Kings.  This made it clear that no King (even myself) is above the law, and we must follow laws just like any other citizen.  This document also brings about the idea of Due Process of Law, which are basically rules the government must now follow in order for a fair and impartial trial to take place.  The Magna Carta also states the law of the land, or that people are subject to given rights.



Q: What is Due Process of Law?

A: Due Process of Law is a new idea brought about by the Magna Carta, as I previously stated, and gives the accused legal rights.  Due Process gives the accused the right to remain silent, the safety of being unable to incriminate themselves, a lawyer, and many other valuable judiciary rights.



Q: Does the Magna Carta have any alternate names?

A: Yes, very much so.  The Magna Carta has been referred to as the Magna Charter, and most often as the Great Charter.



Q: How do you think the Magna Carta will impact English, and more importantly, American history?

A: I believe that although I was forced into abiding by this charter it will have great impacts on government in the future.  I believe the introduction of Due Process will play an important role in the judiciary system in the future, as will many other concepts in this charter.  Who knows, maybe many of these new ideas will be included in a Constitution or Declaration of Independence that America may have one day!


Thank you very much for your time King John!  It is truly appreciated!

Crusades

I am overjoyed to be sitting next to the one and only Pope Urban II for an interview about the beginning of the Crusades.  I will then conduct a short interview with Saladin for the latter part of the Crusades.  Today's date is 1099 AD.

Q: How did the Crusades begin?

A: For many years now, there have been constant conflicts with my Christian people and the Muslims.   Around 1095, I received an urgent message from the current Byzantine Emperor, Alexius I.  He desperately needed Christian soldiers to fight the Muslim Turks who were invading our Holy Land of Jerusalem.  Despite the fact that we popes and emperors did not usually get along, I agreed to call for knights to fight the Muslims.  "From Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople comes a grievous report.. An accursed race.. has violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire."  Those were my words exactly, as I called for a Holy War to recover our Holy Land.

Q: How did the First Crusade work?

A: Beginning in 1096, thousands of knights, barons, and nobles willing to fight for our land from the non-believers set out to fight the Muslims.  In 1099, with our Christian spirits high and army strong, we defeated the Muslim Turks and regained Jerusalem, but this war was no where near finished.

Interview with Saladin:

Q:  Explain the Second and Third Crusades.

A: Hello, I am the Saladin, a prominent Muslim leader in the Crusades. In 1187, I led the Muslims to a capture of Jerusalem in the Second Crusade.  We had just previously captured the important city of Edessa, and this allowed us to gain the Holy Land.  We triumphed again from 1189-1192 in the Third Crusade.  The Christian Europeans were losing steam, and we were on a role.  Although we did have control of the Holy Land during the Third Crusade, out of pity I decided to open Jerusalem for brief Christian pilgrimages.

Aftermath:

During the Fourth Crusade, Christians just became weaker and weaker, beginning to turn on people of their own religion.  The Crusades were not nearly as successful as Pope Urban II would have hoped.  Following the many Crusades, there was a lasting effect of religious rivalry between the Christians and Muslims.  Other effects of the Crusades were: expansion of European trade and economy, more power given to the monarch, as well as even more papal supremacy for the pope, and this also was the beginning of worldwide exploration.

Thank you Pope Urban II and Saldin!

Charlemagne

I am delighted to be here today for an in-depth interview with none other than Charlemagne!  The date is 813 AD.


Q: How did gain power?  Explain your early career.

A: Surely.  I was born in 742 as the grandson of the great Charles "The Hammer" Martel.  In 741, my grandfather, who was also the King of Franks, died, and my father Pepin became King.  He ruled the Franks for over twenty years but died in 768.  My brother, Carloman, and I were the rightful heirs to the throne, and therefore we inherited the Frankish throne in 768.  Soon after, my brother died, and I became the lone King of Franks.



Q: Discuss your plans of action in your early rule as King of the Franks.

A: At the time I came into power, Europe had fallen into the Dark Ages.  People were constantly at war, the economy was suffering, the government was chaos, and people were just not happy.  I made it my mission to use religion, science, and education to raise people's spirits and hopefully lighten the Dark Ages.  I created a thirty-year plan to conquer the Saxons and convert them, as well as many other small groups, to Christianity.  I also demonstrated my great military skills by conquering thousands of miles of land throughout all of Europe.



Q: What were some of your achievements once you were crowned Emperor?

A: By 800, I had established myself as the lone, supreme ruler of Western Europe and on Christmas Day, 800 AD, I was officially crowned Emperor of Europe.  I  then made it my mission to lighten the Dark Ages of Europe.  I encouraged people to embrace arts, culture, literature, and religion and unite under these things, rather than fight about our minor differences.  I also hired countless tutors and eventually began to learn how to read and write.  I created hundreds of schools, and widely promoted education in children and even adults during this time.



Q: What is the controversy surrounding the name of the "Holy Roman Empire"?

A: When I was crowned Emperor in 800, I was supposedly named the "First Holy Roman Emperor" but I do not use this title for myself.  This Empire that I preside over is not Holy, nor is it Roman, for God's sake!  This title was not my choice, but that of the Pope's.


Thank you so much Charlemagne!

Colombus Leaves Spain

I sit here today for an interview with the great Christopher Colombus.  The date is 1500 AD.


Q: Tell me about your career.

A: Hello, I am Christopher Columbus.  I was born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy.  Since I was young, I have wanted to pursue a career in exploration and discovery, and that is what I am best at today.  I have worked very hard to become a well-educated explorer, studying math, science, astrology, philosophy, charting, world languages, and the Bible.



Q: Why did you set out on your First Voyage from Spain?

A: I left Spain traveling West in 1492 with high hopes of finding a new trade route to Chinese markets.  I was also hoping to find new lands in the unexplored oceans.  People of Spain also had hopes of me returning with new, never before-seen goods from China and any new lands I discovered along my journey.



Q: How did you fund your First Voyage?

A: I spent many, many years trying to provide enough funds for this voyage that could be revolutionary. My original proposals were:
-3 ships to sail west
-control of any lands I find
-1 year
-approximate travel distance of only about 2,400 miles
I proposed those conditions to the King of Portugal in 1485, and in the 7 years following that first proposal, my ideas were rejected again and again.  Finally in 1489, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand II of Spain took serious consideration in my plan.  With a few changes to my proposals, they finally granted me permission and all my needed funds in 1492.



Q: What did you discover on your First Voyage?

A: I left Spain on August 3rd, 1492 to sail west.  I needed three ships for my journey: the Pinta, the Nina, and the Santa Maria.  I also had two commanders on either ship that I was not aboard at any given time.  The first new land we discovered I named San Salvador.  San Salvador was next to many other smaller islands, which are known as the Bahamas today.  Next, we discovered what is now Cuba.  We thought this was China at first, but were disappointed when we could not locate the Emperor.  In Cuba, we also picked up on smoking tobacco.  Third and lastly, we made landfall at Hispaniola. At Hispaniola, two of our boats and many of our sailors were left to settle.  I returned to Spain with my ships on March 4th, 1493.




Q: Why was this voyage important?

A: My First Voyage, although we did not succeed in finding a new trade route with China, had major importance.  It broadened the world of exploration and inspired many new young explorers to try their luck.  My voyage also solidified that there are new, undiscovered lands out there, as well as native people that we have no knowledge of.  This voyage also had obvious importance because of the three new present day lands discovered.



Thank you so much Christopher Columbus!

Great Schism

I am here today with Pope Leo IX for an interview about the Great Schism.  The date is 1054 AD.


Q: What are the differences between the Eastern and Western churches?

A: First of all, I am Pope Leo IX of the Roman Church (Western).  There are many differences between the Western churches and our churches.  We speak Latin, while the Eastern Christians choose to speak Greek.  There are also a lot of conflicts dealing with the use of icons, or symbols of religious figures such as Jesus or the Virgin Mary.  Controversy also surrounds different marriage policies.  The Eastern churches keep the right to marry, while priests in the west could not marry.  One of the greatest differences between the Byzantine (Eastern) and Roman (Western) churches was also the fact that in the east, someone called a Patriarch had supreme authority, while in the west, the Pope had papal supremacy.  The different churches also separated many different holidays and put different amounts of importance on different holidays.



Q: What was the Great Schism?

A: These many differences had terrible impacts on Rome and the Byzantines.  In 1054, the Byzantine Patriarch and I both excommunicated each other and the other's churches.  This was the final split in the two Christian churches.  The Byzantine church became known as the Orthodox Church, while my Church in the West became known as the Roman Catholic Church.



Q: Why was the Great Schism important?

A: This extreme religious movement was very important because it created two separate branches of Christianity, which I believe will forever exist.  I also believe that this event that split our nation in two will lead to the decline of the Byzantine Empire.


Thank you Pope Leo IX!

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• zantium. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Constantine the Great." NEW ADVENT: Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04295c.htm>.